## 11.8. Interacting with the Shell

Command | Action
--- | ---
`:r` file | Read in contents of file after cursor.
`:r !`command | Read in output from command after current line.
`:`n `r !`command | Like preceding, but place after line n (0 for top of file).
`:!`command | Run command, then return.
`!`object command | Send object, indicated by a movement command, as input to shell command command; replace object with command output.
`:`n1,n2`!` command | Send lines n1 through n2 to command; replace with output.
``n`!!`command | Send n lines to command; replace with output.
`!!` | Repeat last system command.
`!!`command | Replace current line with output of command.
`:sh` | Create subshell; return to file with EOF.
Ctrl-Z | Suspend editor, resume with fg.
`:so` file | Read and execute ex commands from file.

Copyright © 2001 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.